Subspecies in India
No subspecies are listed under this species. This species is often treated as a subspecies of Lethe europa (Fabricius, 1775) – Bamboo Treebrown, following very old literature. However, it is evident from the female type specimen, original species description by de Nicéville (1887), recently collected male and female specimens that are deposited in the Central Agricultural Research Institute and Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair, and recently photographed specimens in nature, that this species has a distinctive appearance that violates the key character of L. europa: "Unh ... all ocelli very large and much disintegrated." (Evans 1932). Indeed, L. tamuna has well-formed, clear eye-spots UNH that contrast with the key characters of L. europa (de Nicéville 1887). Evans (1932) had most likely not seen the singular female type of L. tamuna that was in the Zoological Survey of India in Kolkata at the time, where it is still well-preserved in the type specimen collection (Kunte, personal observations). Evans also appeared to have not checked the original description of L. tamuna, which clearly described and illustrated the stark differences between L. europa and L. tamuna. Therefore, Evans (1932) erroneously treated tamuna as a subspecies of europa, an arrangement that still continues to be widely and blindly followed without inspecting the type material, original species description, and the obvious phenotype of tamuna (e.g., Talbot 1947; Varshney and Smetacek 2015; Veenakumari and Mohanraj 1997; Veenakumari et al. 2008).
Photo Gallery and Species Biology
State | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | No date |
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Andaman and Nicobar Islands UT | |||||||||||||
Andhra Pradesh | |||||||||||||
Arunachal Pradesh | |||||||||||||
Assam | |||||||||||||
Bihar | |||||||||||||
Chandigarh | |||||||||||||
Chhattisgarh | |||||||||||||
Dadra & Nagar Haveli UT | |||||||||||||
Daman & Diu UT | |||||||||||||
Delhi | |||||||||||||
Goa | |||||||||||||
Gujarat | |||||||||||||
Haryana | |||||||||||||
Himachal Pradesh | |||||||||||||
Jammu and Kashmir UT | |||||||||||||
Jharkhand | |||||||||||||
Karnataka | |||||||||||||
Kerala | |||||||||||||
Ladakh UT | |||||||||||||
Lakshadweep | |||||||||||||
Madhya Pradesh | |||||||||||||
Maharashtra | |||||||||||||
Manipur | |||||||||||||
Meghalaya | |||||||||||||
Mizoram | |||||||||||||
Nagaland | |||||||||||||
Odisha | |||||||||||||
Puducherry UT | |||||||||||||
Punjab | |||||||||||||
Rajasthan | |||||||||||||
Sikkim | |||||||||||||
Tamil Nadu | |||||||||||||
Tripura | |||||||||||||
Uttar Pradesh | |||||||||||||
Uttarakhand | |||||||||||||
West Bengal | |||||||||||||
Total |
Evans, W. H. 1932. The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd Edn.). Mumbai. Bombay Natural History Society. pp. 454.
Talbot, G. 1947. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. 2. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 506.
Varshney, R. K. and P. Smetacek (eds). 2015. A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India. Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal, and Indinov Publishing, New Delhi. pp. 261.
Veenakumari, K. and P. Mohanraj. 1997. Rediscovery of Lethe europa tamuna with notes on other threatened butterflies from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 51:273–275.
Veenakumari, K., P. Mohanraj, R. C. Srivastava, and V. Jayakumar. 2008. Butterflies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. pp. 186.
Page citation
Anonymous 2024. Lethe tamuna de Nicéville, 1887 – Clear-eyed Treebrown. In Kunte, K., S. Sondhi, and P. Roy (Chief Editors). Butterflies of India, v. 4.12. Published by the Indian Foundation for Butterflies. URL: https://www.ifoundbutterflies.org/lethe-tamuna, accessed 2024/12/10.